Minerals, metals and innovation in the circular economy

Factors underpinning current modes of production and consumption are changing. Ore grades are declining in Australia, requiring more energy for processing and creating more environmental impact. Both resource and energy constraints are driving the need for innovation focussed on doing 'more with less'. Geographies of production are also changing and this is opening up new opportunities for increased recycling in the circular economy - however these are yet to be systematically evaluated.