Theory construction in design research: criteria, approaches, and methods

Design involves creating something new or transforming a less desirable situation to a preferred situation. To do this, designers must know how things work and why. Understanding how things work and why requires explanation, and it sometimes requires prediction. To explain and predict, we must construct and test theories. Theories are propositions or sets of propositions that allow us to analyze or explain subjects. Some theories are complex and sophisticated. Others are simple. Theory can be described in many ways. In its most basic form, a theory is a model. It is an illustration describing how something works by showing its elements in their dynamic relationship to one another. The dynamic demonstration of working elements in action as part of a structure distinguishes a theoretical model from a simple taxonomy or catalogue. A theory predicts what will happen when elements interact. Understanding design process and design outcomes now implies the kinds of theory construction common in the natural and social sciences. This paper argues that successful design is inherently theory-rich. The paper outlines a framework for understanding theory construction in design. This framework will clarify the meaning of theory and theorizing. It will explain the nature and uses of theory as a general concept. It will propose necessary and sufficient conditions for theory construction in design. Finally, it will outline potential areas for future inquiry in design theory.