Imprints of the first billion years: Lyman limit systems at z ~ 5

Lyman limit systems (LLSs) trace the low-density circumgalactic medium and the most dense regions of the intergalactic medium, so their number density and evolution at high-redshift, just after reionization, are important to constrain. We present a survey for LLSs at high redshifts, zLLS = 3.5-5.4, in the homogeneous data set of 153 optical quasar spectra at z ~ 5 from the Giant Gemini GMOS survey. Our analysis includes detailed investigation of survey biases usingmock spectra which provide important corrections to the rawmeasurements.We estimate the incidence of LLSs per unit redshift at z ≈ 4.4 to be ℓ(z) = 2.6 ± 0.4. Combining our results with previous surveys at zLLS < 4, the best-fit power-law evolution is ℓ(z) = ℓ*[(1 + z)/4]α with ℓ* = 1.46 ± 0.11 and α = 1.70 ± 0.22 (68 per cent confidence intervals). Despite hints in previous zLLS < 4 results, there is no indication for a deviation from this single power-law soon after reionization. Finally, we integrate our new results with previous surveys of the intergalactic and circumgalactic media to constrain the hydrogen column density distribution function, f(NHI, X), over 10 orders ofmagnitude. The data at z~5 are not well-described by the f(NHI, X) model previously reported for z ~ 2-3 (after re-scaling) and a 7-pivot model fitting the full z ~ 2-5 data set is statistically unacceptable. We conclude that there is significant evolution in the shape of f(NHI, X) over this ~2-billion-year period.