Geographic data and systems in project planning

Spatial data is traditionally accessed via GIS systems. Advances in technology now allow GIS and CAD/BIM to be combined. This next generation of tools is capable of capturing more detailed and accurate information to deliver effective geographic analysis. Local and global standards have followed these advances. Software developers and digital location finding devices need to have protocols to transfer data. Google Earth, Cloud Repositories and E-government websites inform the public of the potential of spatial data. Thus, application and use of the enhanced spatial data is an opportunity for more effective and efficient management of construction projects necessitating ISO global standards. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is also being incorporated into GIS spatial data systems. Combining the 3D and 2D models provides tools to locate people, places and services within buildings. GIS spatial data images and analysis are further tools illustrating the importance of location for construction. Two worlds of building and infrastructure modelling involve project-based digital positioning models and land-based coordinate systems. Both are required for designing and managing infrastructure projects. Reconciling these two worlds requires extensive further research.