Acid catalytic wet torrefaction of oil palm biomass: Reaction mechanisms and application evaluations

With the rapid growth of the oil palm industry, increasing biomass presents an opportunity for sustainable utilisation. Wet torrefaction is a promising treatment, producing coal-like hydrochars, but optimising the process is crucial to enhance yield and properties. This thesis examines the role of catalyst addition in wet torrefaction, investigating its impact on synthesis of hydrochars, governing mechanisms, and potential applications. Understanding the effect of catalyst can improve efficiency and product quality, supporting the sustainable use of oil palm biomass. These findings offer valuable insights into enhancing biomass conversion for renewable energy and material solutions.