Fixing the Invisible Defect: The Relationship between Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Non-Surgical Cosmetic Procedures

Individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), a preoccupation with a perceived flaw in physical appearance, seek cosmetic surgery at much higher rates than the general population. Results are usually unfavourable, with a worsening of BDD symptoms possible. This thesis explores whether BDD should be considered a contraindication for non-surgical cosmetic procedures, such as anti-wrinkle injections. These lower risk forms of cosmetic treatment are increasingly popular, but remain largely unregulated. Several recommendations are proposed for enhancing the safety of non-surgical cosmetic procedures for individuals with BDD. Additional research included within this thesis explores the early implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for individuals with body image concerns.