GRADING CARBON: Architectural design framework for functionally graded biochar cementitious composites towards carbon sequestering building elements

This research explores how to lower the carbon footprint of concrete by adding biochar, a carbon-rich material that stores carbon. By using a graded design, varying the amount of biochar throughout the cementitious material matrix, this study reduces the embodied carbon of building elements while maintaining their strength. It also studies practical fabrication methods, including 3D printing and casting, to shape these material topologies efficiently. The work presents a creative and innovative path toward building low-carbon structures and shows how material design can help the construction industry become more sustainable.