Hierarchical control of electric vehicles to support smart grids with renewable energy

The proliferation of distributed renewable energy sources is becoming a reality in the 21st century thanks to the increased awareness of climate change. However, due to their intermittent nature, high penetration of those alternative sources will cause a number of risks to the grids such as equipment failures and state-wide black-outs. This thesis proposes a novel solution to use on-board batteries from electric vehicles as both a demand response tool in charging mode and a temporary generator in discharging mode to smooth out the intermittency of renewable energy generation in the future grids.