Investigating the relationship between the geotechnical behaviour and microstructure of icy lunar regolith simulants to support trafficability and excavation on the Moon

This research explored how water-ice within lunar soil (regolith) affects its strength and how easily it can be driven over or excavated. Different icy regolith types were prepared to reflect possible ice formation pathways on the Moon. It was found that the structure of the ice—not just the amount—has the biggest impact on strength. Vapor-deposited icy regolith was mechanically tested for the first time, with a sample containing ~6% ice found to be 23% stronger than soil measured during Apollo 16. These findings support better design of lunar vehicles, excavation tools, and future efforts to use resources on the Moon.