Reaction mechanisms of organic acid-based catalytic wet torrefaction of oil palm trunks

This thesis is a fundamental study on the reaction mechanisms of the catalytic wet torrefaction of oil palm trunks using organic acid as the catalyst. Wet torrefaction is a process that converts biomass, i.e., oil palm trunks into renewable fuel that assist the transition the use of fossil fuel as the main source of energy to renewable energies. This thesis will pave the economy of the nation by allowing the holistic use of waste into value-added renewable fuel. This thesis will also serve as a fundamental knowledge for the future works to transition wet torrefaction technology into a commercial scale.