Russian Information Operations

Russian Information Operations examines the historical development of Russian information operations from 1989 to 2021, paying particular attention to the role technology, specifically the Internet and social media networks (SMNs), has played in developing these campaigns. The development of Russian information operations is a contemporary issue due to Russian disinformation campaigns' perceived effect on targeted countries, such as the US, in 2016 during the presidential election. The research demonstrates that Russian information operations continuously evolve and adapt to deployed information campaigns' successes and failures. Furthermore, the Internet, particularly SMNs, have added a ‘sticky’ element to information operations.