Shadow Education in Malaysia: Effect of Private Supplementary Tutoring upon Secondary School Students' Mental Health

This mixed method research firstly examines the scale of shadow education in Malaysia before determining if it is associated to secondary school students suffering from symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress. This research examines possible associations relating to time deprivation experienced by students due to their usage of shadow education. The findings presented a clearer picture of the landscape of the shadow education industry in Malaysia, the perceptions of students towards the usage and reliability of, and their reliance upon, shadow education. The findings further verify the impact of shadow education usage upon the mental health and wellbeing of students.